THE
TRIBES



v
Address all Correspondence to:
Yair Davidy
"Brit-Am"
P.O.B. 595
Jerusalem 91004
Israel

Telephone: (0)2-9973182


R-D
Russell-Davis
Publishers
HEBRON
ISRAEL
All rights reserved U.S. copyright No. 545744




THE TRIBES

                                                            
The Location of the Lost Tribes of Israel  in Northwest Europe,
Britain,
 America, Australasia, and South Africa
 Giving the Identity of Each 
             Individual  Tribe Today                            
                                        
Yair Davidy
"Brit-Am"
P.O.B. 595
Jerusalem 91004
Israel
Telephone: (0)2-9973182




Table Of Contents

Letter of Commendation from 
Rabbi Abraham Feld

Introductory Preview

Book One :
Israelites, Scyths,
and Northern Europe
Chapter One
The Legacy	1
	Beginning
	The Hebrew Exiles in Europe and Britain
	Inheritance 
	Historical Background
	The Exiles Location
	Parallels Between Scythians and Israelites

Chapter Two	41
The Scyths, Israel and Europe
	Scyths and Goths
	The Physical Anthropology of the Hebrew
	 Peoples

Chapter Three	49
The Scyths Of Isaac in the East
	The Israelites in Iran and in East Scythia
	The Identification of Israelite Tribes

	Naphtali, Judah, Dan in Scythia
	Issachar, Reuben, Gad, and Machir in Iran and 	Scythia

Chapter Four 	71
The Cochin Scroll and Scandinavian Tradition
Simeon, Menasseh, and the Khazars
	Sicambri and Teutons in Scythia
	Legends Concerning Hebrew Tribes 
	Confirmed
	The Iyrcae and a Clarification of the Cochin 	Scroll

Chapter Five	93
The Scythian  Nations Come To Europe
	The Sakae (Saxon) and Gothic -
	 Associated Advances West 
	The Scythian Family in Europe and How It Came There
	The Migration Westward
	Scythian (and Israelite) Identities of Some 
	West European Entities

Book Two : Historical Movements. 
Tribes Identified: Reuben, Gad, Half-Menasseh, Naphtali, Dan,
Judah, Simeon, Levi, Benyamin.

Chapter Six	119
Historical Identifications
	The Maps of Ptolemy
	Ptolemy on Habor
	Ptolemy on Media
	Ptolemy on Parthia
	Ptolemy on Hara(Aria)
	Family Tree of the Twelve Tribes of Israel


Chapter Seven	141
The Tribe Of Gad Or "Goth"
	The  Dispersion of Gad
	The Goths of Gad
	Dan and Gad
	Gad in Judaic Sources
	Family Tree Of Gad 

Chapter Eight	159
Reuben and the "Ribuari"  Franks
	Family Tree of Reuben
	Reuben, Gad, and Half-Menasseh Reviewed.

Chapter Nine 	179
Israel in the East as Demonsrated by Ptolemy's Maps
	Explanation of The Maps
	Bactriana, Sogdiana, and Scythia - Interior
	Exterior Scythia and Serica
	A Comparison of Tribal Alignment in Israel 	and in Outer-Scythia

Chapter Ten  	197
Naphtali, Dan, Judah,
Simeon, Levi, and Benjamin
	The Naphtali Come to Norway
	Family Tree Of Naphtali
	Dan
	Dan and Judah
	Family Tree of Dan
	Simeon
	Family Tree of Simeon
	Levy and Simeon
	Judah-The Suffering Servant
	Benjamin
	The Normans
	Sons Of Benjamin: Belgae and Normans
	Family Tree of Benjamin
	Synoptical Review

Chapter Eleven	247
Celtic Interlude and 
Intermediate Summarisation
	Celts
	Scyths

Chapter Twelve	255
The Intermediate Stages in Scythia. 
Historical Geography Of The Exiles
	The Significance of Ptolemy's Geography
	Tribal Geography of Interior Scythia According 	to Ptolemy	
	Asiatic Sarmatia
	European Sarmatia

Book Three :
Israelite Tribal Migrations to Western Europe.
Tribes Identified: Asher, Issachar, Zebulon.

Chapter Thirteen 	275
Asher
	The Vandals
	Royal Scyths-Malchiel
	Asher and Sidon
	The Family Tree of Asher

Chapter Fourteen	291
Britain, Scandinavia, and Germany
	Asher and His Brother Gad
	Ptolemy on Britain
	Invaders of Britain
	Ptolemy on Germany and Scandinavia

Chapter Fifteen	307
Issachar and Zebulon
	Issachar in Prophecy: Switzerland
	Family Tree of Issachar
	Zebulon
	Family Tree of Zebulon
	Synopsis: Asher, Issachar, Zebulon

Chapter Sixteen	335
The Order of Encampment in the
wilderness and Later History
	Name Similarities

Book Four:
The Tribes Of Joseph in Britain 
and North America.
Tribes Identified: Ephraim and Menasseh.

Chapter Seventeen	
The Blessings
	Geneaology of the Blessings: Joseph
	
Chapter Eighteen
Joseph : Ephraim And Menasseh
	Yasubi and Asap
	Menasseh
	Daughters of Zelophehad
	Machir and America
	Family Tree of Menasseh

Chapter Nineteen
Ephraim Son of Joseph
	The Family Tree of Ephraim
	Ephraim and Menasseh: 
	The U.K. and the U.S.A.

Chapter Twenty
Joseph and Lost Israel
	Joseph and Lost Israel in the Bible
	Menasseh 
	Ephraim
	Proof From The Dollar Bill
	Ends of the Earth
	A Light to the Gentiles
	"Brit-Am" or "Britammia"
	Britannia
	Monarchs

Chapter Twenty One
The Lost Ten Tribes
Position in the Bible
	Isles of the Sea
	North Country
	Preservation of Relative Position

Chapter Twenty-Two.
Countries of Israelite settlement:-
	Africa and Asia
	Europe
	Italy
	Ireland
	The State of Israel and the Jews
	The United Kingdom
	Australia
New Zealand
	South Africa
	Holland
	Belgium
	Canada
	The U.S.A.
	Finland
	Helvetia (Switzerland)
	Sweden
	Norway
	Denmark
	Scandinavia
	France

What Does it all Matter Anyway?
	Israelite Heritage and Racialism

Conclusion
	
Appendices: 
	How This Book Came to be Written
	Sources for "THE TRIBES"
	Senstius
	Olsen

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

Letter Of Commendation From Rabbi Abraham Feld.

Introductory Preview

	"THE TRIBES" produces evidence that most of the ancient
Israelites assimilated to foreign cultures and forgot their
origins. In the course of time they reached the British Isles
and north-west Europe whence related nations (such as the
U.S.A.) were founded. 
	In the above areas specific Israelite tribes and sub-tribes
were predominant and are discernable today as modern peoples. 
	Proofs adduced are derived from Biblical, Talmudic, Historical,
Archaeological, and Linguistic sources as well as from Folklore,
Mythology, National Symbols, and National Characteristics.
"The Tribes" is divided into four parts or Books:
	Book One brings general evidence that Ten Tribes of ancient
Israel were exiled and went to the North and from there westward
into Europe. Some physical characteristics of the ancient
Israelites are considered as well as Hebrew - like tendencies on
a national-level amongst the English-speaking "Anglo-Saxons" and
others.
	Books Two and Three trace the descendants of specific tribes,
for instance the tribe of Gad re-appeared as the Goths who
ultimately settled mainly in Sweden, the Tribe of Reuben as the
Franks who occupied France, and so on. The geography of Ptolemy
is also discussed and an expanation of names on the Maps of
Ptolemy accompanies the text identifying each tribe. The Maps of
Ptolemy are discussed in groups of three or four, each group
being interspersed throughout the text and placed before or
after Tribal identifications and generally serving to illustrate
and affirm the identifications made. 
	Ptolemy was a Greek living in Alexandria, Egypt, in the 2nd
century c.e. He derived his information from Middle Eastern and
Greek and Roman sources without dating it, i.e. his sources
began about 500 b.c.e. and terminated (ca. 700 years latter) in
his own time but he treated all information received with the
same validity and as if it was still applicable in his day.
	Areas closer to Ptolemy's cultural base had been reported upon
earlier and more extensively than those further away and thus
reports used by him often overlap in time and location with the
movement of Israelite groups from the Middle East and to the
North and then westward. This information is complemented by
archaeological, mythological, and general historical sources.
Similarity or identity of names in Ptolemy's maps of different
regions are seen to often reflect the same entity who had moved
from one area to another.
	The Tribal identifications follow a more or less set pattern.
Distinct groups are lo
cated according to names and legend etc, in areas to which the
Assyrians exiled them or to which they moved shortly after being
exiled. The paths of migration of the said groups are then
traced. It  is noticed how in most cases various elements from
the same original Israelite tribe independantly over the course
of time converged on the same areas and in the end formed single
nations.
	Many of the relevant peoples are tracable directly back to
Scythia (Eurasia) and from there to places-of-  exile of
Israelites in the Middle East. The proposed tribal-equations are
then  confirmed by by an examination of additional evidence. 
	Book Four proves that the Tribes of Joseph (Ephraim and
Menasseh) became the determining factor in the so-called
"Anglo-Saxon" English-speaking nations.
	Scriptural passages shown to confirm those identifications
which have already been made concerning all of the Lost Tribes
as a whole, as well  as those especially of Joseph in America,
Britain,  and amongst descendants of the British overseas.
THE TRIBES
By
Yair Davidy



BOOK ONE

Chapters 1-5
Israelites, Scyths, And
Northern  Europe

CHAPTER ONE 
The LegacyBeginning

	This book shows how most of the ancient Israelites were exiled
and lost their identity and that today their descendants are to
be found mainly amongst the "Gentile" peoples of North America,
Northwest Europe, Australasia and South Africa. The present-day 
Jews in the Diaspora and Israel are mainly descended from only
two of the original twelve tribes whereas the offspring of the
remaining majority are in the above areas.
Not only are the ancient Israelites proven in general to have
migrated to the west where their children formed eventually the
nations of Great Britain, Eire, France, Holland, Belgium,
Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the U.S.A.,
Canada, Australia, New  Zealand, and South Africa But Also
individual Israelite Tribes are specifically identifiable as
historical groups (such as the Angles, Jutes, Franks, etc.) who
settled in definite areas.  Different segments of each tribe
tended to congregate together in the same places so that their
descendants are now concentrated  each in its own country which
thus belongs to whatever specific tribe gained predominance
within its boundaries. 
	It will be demonstrated how from the tribes of Joseph (Ephraim
and Menasseh) the present-day English-speaking nations were
formed, the tribe of Reuben became dominant amongst the French, 
Zebulon forefathered the Dutch, Dan the Danes, Naphtali the
Norwegians, Gad the Swedes, Asher the Scots, Issachar the Swiss,
 and so on. Furthermore, Clan-appellations amongst the Israelite
Tribes are seen to have often been preserved by the Israelites
in  their places-of-exile and throughout the course of their
wanderings so that their descendants are often identifiable
today according to the same names. 
	These claims are not far-fetched. They are supported by
Biblical, Historical, and other evidence much of which is, in
effect, even recognized by the academic world, which simply has
not sufficiently co-related the information in its possession
and not drawn the necessary conclusions from the proof it
already  acknowledges. It is not being said that ALL the peoples
in the discussed nations are of Israelite descent BUT it is
being stated that the overwhelming majority of the Lost Ten
Tribes are in those very areas, that they significantly
influence national characteristics and that their numbers must
be substantial - possibly in some cases forming a majority of
the population. 
	Similar claims regarding the Israelite origin of the British
and others have been made in the past though the evidence
presented herein is more far-reaching, better substantiated, and
more conclusive and convincing than anything advanced heretofore.
	Some attempt has been made to present the case objectively
though it should be realised that both the personal disposition
of the present author as well as the nature of the account do
not permit the extensive consideration of every contradictory
opinion. This work is largely a collection of facts, each of
which has been checked, cross-referenced, and evaluated in its
own right. Be that as it may, the account given within relies on
the sum of related data every piece of which needs to be
considered  as part of the whole body of evidence. Every proof
adduced re-inforces the overall picture and is in turn itself
further confirmed by the total context. 
	Many of the conclusions reached, though sometimes seemingly 
obvious, are, in effect, potentially revolutionary in their
implications. 
	It is hoped, therefore, that the present exposition will
receive the appreciation it deserves without individual qualms
or  prejudices being allowed to blur the import of the book or
its  real significance. 
	The goal of this work was primarily a study which it was hoped
would lead to a deeper and more widely spread understanding of
Israelite Tribal Identities in the light of Biblical and
Historical truth.
	So hopefully, at least some amongst the peoples identified
within the following pages as descendants of Israelite Tribes
will gain a deeper appreciation of themselves as they now are
and of whom their ancestors may well have been. The account
contained within 
bears a far-reaching message concerning the modern-day power
struggle, Biblical prophecy and outlook, and the personal
appreciation many people should have for themselves  and for the
Jewish people who are their Tribal brother "Israelites".

The Hebrew Exiles In Europe And Britain.     
	According to the Bible, Abraham was chosen to be the forefather
of a nation through whom all the families of the earth would be
blessed (Genesis 12;2), who would keep the way of the LORD to do
justice and judgement (Genesis 18;19), and who would themselves 
become numerous, great, mighty, and blessed (Genesis 22;16-19).
The blessings, in effect, were made unconditionally(ibid.) and
may be considered more as a means to achieve, rather than an
effect of the  ordained national role.  Abraham begat Isaac,and
Isaac begat Jacob who was renamed "Israel" (Genesis 32;28) who
had twelve sons and  these became the twelve tribes of Israel.
Under kings Saul, David, and Solomon the twelve tribes were
united in one kingdom which, at various stages, controlled a
significant portion of the Middle East. King David, from the
Tribe of Judah, established the capital at Jerusalem within
which his son Solomon built the Temple. In the reign of King
Rehoboam, son of Solomon, ten of the northern most tribes
seceded and formed their own kingdom (1 Kings 12;20-23),  which
was referred to as "Israel", (e.g. Hosea 5;5), whereas the
remaining tribes who remained faithful to the House of David
were called "Judah". From inhabitants of the Kingdom of "Judah"
are descended the modern Jews, though many individuals from the
northern seceding tribes also made their way south (e.g. 2
Chronicles 15;9) in the course of time, and these too became
part of the Jewish nation. 
	In approximately the period 740-720 b.c.e. the northern kingdom
of Israel was conquered by the Assyrians and all of its people
were exiled (2 Kings 17;18).  Sennacherib, the king of Assyria3,
also exiled more than 200,000 people from the kingdom of Judah
which number, at that stage, must have accounted for a good
portion of  the total Judean population. It follows that those
Israelites exiled by the Assyrians included many from Judah,
whereas those in  Judah, who were not exiled, included many from
the northern tribes who had made their way south previously.
Even so, it is conventionally accepted to  name those exiles
taken away by the Assyrians "The Lost Ten Tribes" after the
original body who broke away from Judah. The Lost Ten tribes
were destined to lose their identity. The exile appears to have
been complete. There are almost no archaeological remains
pertaining to Israelites in the northern  "Israel" area1 and
dating from after the Assyrian exile. Some later traditions
indicate that a small percentage did remain and these  either
joined their brothers in "Judah" or else amalgamated with the
"Samaritans" who were foreigners settled by the Assyrians in
place of the evacuees (2 Kings 17;24)2. Nevertheless, the
overwhelming majority of Israelites had been taken away to
places named in the Bible, in Talmudic literature, and other
sources, to locations wherein Israelite presence is confirmed by
archaeological  evidence and from popular legend. It will be
shown that the exiled Israelites are identifiable, very often,
in their places of exile  by the every same Tribal and Clan
names they must have had before their exile, and that they were
destined to continue to play an important role in human history. 
	The Israelites had been exiled because they worshipped other
gods and followed pagan customs (2 Kings 17;7-23). In their
places of  exile the Israelites were to continue on the whole
their idolatrous  practices and adoption of foreign ways.
Despite their imitation, throughout the ages, of the peoples
surrounding them, the Hebrew nature of the exiles was to
reassert itself from time to time and this enabled the
realization of their inherited mission to tame and humanize the
pagan world. The present book, here and there, analyses this
mission and discusses prophecies concerning its fulfillment,
though the major emphasis will be on historical proofs
identifying the historical and modern-day offspring of the Lost
Ten  Tribes, not only by generally connecting peoples with the
exiles, but also by relating to specific groups as direct
members of Israelite Tribal clans within the Israelite Nation!
The Israelites were transported en- masse firstly mainly to
areas in northern Mesopotamia and to Hara and from those regions
they later moved northward into "Scythia" (roughly the area
encompassed in the past by the U.S.S.R.) whence they migrated in
several waves to the extreme north and west of Europe from which
their descendants settled North America, Australasia, and South
Africa. The peoples in these said nations today are thus in the
Biblical and historical sense brothers of the Jews who came from
the  remaining southern kingdom of Judah and comprised the
second half of the Hebrew nation with the Lost Ten Tribes
comprising the remainder. The Jews and the Lost Ten Tribes
together form the Israelite or HEBREW nation. 
	The word "HEBREW" is a transliteration of the Hebrew word
"Ibri", or "Ivri" and has been understood  as meaning
"descendant of Eber"  or "someone from over the river
Euphrates". The  name "IBRI" may be literally understood also as
 meaning simply "outsider" and is derived from the root  "aver" 
or "over" which, in both English and  Hebrew  connotes "above
and beyond". The first Hebrew in the Scriptural sense was
Abraham the Hebrew. A Midrash (Genesis Rabah 42) says that: All
the world stood on one side while Abraham the  Patriarch stood
over on the other. Abraham was the forefather of the Twelve
Tribes of Israel. Ten of these Twelve Tribes disappeared and
were lost so that only two remained to be historically
identified. These remaining two tribes became the Jews of
history. The Jews were exiled from their land and suffered
persecution and unjustified hostility for more than two thousand
years. 
	The Land of Israel ("Palestine") passed from Roman hands into
that of the Byzantines, thence the Persians took control,
followed by the Arabs, the European  Crusaders, again the Arabs
and finally the Turks.
	English,  French, and Jewish thinkers beginning from the 1600's
began (sometimes independently of each other) to consider the
establishment anew of a Jewish State in the Land of Israel. In
the late 1800's the Jewish Zionist movement was formed to work
for the formal reconstitution of a Jewish National Presence in
Israel. At the same time Jewish settlement in the Land increased
significantly. The Turkish-rulers of Palestine and the local
Arabs were essentially hostile to this movement but the British
used their influence and became the semiofficial protectors of
the Jewish presence. The British also made periodical attempts
to alleviate the conditions of the Jews in Continental Eastern
Europe where they were severely  persecuted. 
	The long apparent British ambition to found a Jewish State
within the area of ancient Israel has been described by Franz
Kobler :

	".. Nowhere more than in Britain has the idea of the
Restoration of the Jews been developed into a doctrine and
become the object of a movement extending over more than three
centuries. Only in Britain the leading spokesmen of many
generations have been inspired by the vision of a revived
Israel. Only there the creation of a Jewish National Home has
been a serious and almost continuous political issue which was
finally translated into reality." 

	" ....   The idea of Israel's Restoration
is rooted in  the fundamentals of the Commonwealth,..
inseparable.. from the character and  history of the British
nation  in spite of a temporary abandonment........"  

	".. The movement ((i.e. Restoration of the Jewish Independent
Kingdom)) ((is)) .. an integral part of British religious,
social and political history forming a parallel, not an annex,
of the histories of Jewish Messianism and Zionism .... The
recognition of Israel's Restoration as an organic part of
British political ideas.... ((is)) .. a genuine religious,
humanitarian and political trend within British history."
                         Franz Kobler,    "THE VISION WAS
THERE", UK 1956 pp.7-9.

	In 1914 the Turks joined the Germans and Austrians and fought
against Britain and her allies in the First World War. With the
impending defeat of Germany and Turkey the question arose as to
the fate, after the war, of the non-Turkish states in the
Turkish  Empire, including that of the "Palestine"-area.
	In 1917 the Government of Great Britain issued the Balfour
Declaration which declared the purpose of establishing a Jewish
State in the areas of modern-day Jordan and Israel. Henceforth
the British and Jewish Zionists began to lay the foundations for
Jewish Restoration. Despite several attempts by the British
establishment to renege on their undertaking, it was the British
who supplied the infrastructure and much of the economic base
for the coming state of Israel almost to the very last minute 
of British presence in the area. At the same time it was British
arms, training and citizens who helped the Arabs in their
attempt to destroy this very entity. From the beginning, the
British administration had suffered from an ambivalent attitude
and in the 1930's the anti-Jewish tendency appeared to have
gained an upper hand. At the same time there were pogroms in
eastern Europe in  which Jews were robbed, beaten, tortured,
raped, and murdered.  Hitler came to power in Germany and many
Jews made desperate  attempts to escape from Europe. Immigration
to "Palestine" was limited by the British due to Arab pressure.
Britain, the U.S.A., Canada, and Australia accepted a good
number of refugees but then decided to drastically reduce
admission. Economic reasons, as well as antisemitism or the fear
of arousing it, were among the reasons for these restrictions.
Every country in the world closed its doors against the Jews.
The Germans began the SECOND WORLD WAR and conquered most of
continental Europe. They proceeded to exterminate the Jewish
people, men, women, and children. They were helped to murder
Jews by Ukrainians, Latvians, Lithuanians, and others. More than
six million Jews were killed. In Poland many people rescued
Jews, though the antiGerman Polish resistance movements
themselves frequently also murdered Jews fleeing from the
Germans. In the Bulgarian parts of Bulgaria-proper the Jews were
protected. In Western Europe the Danes, Belgians, Dutch,and
French, at great risk to themselves, often helped Jews escape or
gave them shelter, though in some of these countries the Germans
had numerous helpers in murdering the Jewish people. The British
remained unconquered and the only determined unbeaten opponent
of the Germans, from the beginning of the War until its end, was
Great Britain and Her Dominions. At one stage Britain (and her
"daughter" Dominions) stood alone against the victorious
conquering Germans. The British could have made a separate peace
on favorable terms with Germany but even if the British
Government had wanted to (and it did not) the British people
would not accept anything less than continued struggle for
complete victory. The anti-Jewish policies of the Nazis even
from before the beginning of the War was the major single factor
in turning British public opinion against Germany5a. Eventually,
the U.S.A. and Russia joined Britain against Germany and
ultimately Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa,
and  Canada, together with the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R., defeated
Germany and the German allies, Italy, Japan, Croatia, Hungary,
Rumania, and the Baltic States. Despite everything, those Jews
who did survive owe their lives, in a sense, to the Allies'
victory. The Germans in the Second World War had attempted to
conquer Britain. They had plans, if succesful, to deport all of
the male population as slave labour to the Continent. They were
developing means of mass-sterilisation and in effect meant to
exterminate the British people as we know it. Even so, there
existed fringe elements within certain sections of British
society who had appeasing tendencies towards the Nazis both
during the War and after it. It was these same "conciliatory"
elements in many cases who later strengthened the anti-Jewish
sentiments expressed in official policy regarding Palestine.
After the War the Jews in Palestine, reinforced by survivors
from the European "concentration" (murdering) camps were faced
with a coalition of hostile Arab forces partly backed, armed and
trained by the British and including the presence of British
military personnel.
	The British attitude in Palestine resulted from a mixture of 
antisemitism in certain circles together with a misplaced
colonial tradition of protecting the "natives". The results of
this characteristic had already been seen elsewhere: British
concern for the Red Indians in North America at the expense of
the British descended white settlers was one of the causes of
the American War of Independence against the British; in South
Africa, British protection of the "blacks" discriminated against
Dutch Boer and British settlers; in New Zealand, British policy
favoured Maori natives over immigrants from Britain5b. In
Palestine the British  often attempted to be impartial but
suffered from a conflict of  interests. A British officer (Orde
Wingate) helped found the Jewish Fighting Forces and many of the
British personnel were pro-Jewish in practice. At one stage they
had actually executed hundreds of Arab rebels and otherwise
disposed of many more. The British position was never really
clear, even to themselves, and both Arabs and Jews felt
discriminated against. On the whole the Jews benefited from the
British presence despite everything and the British public
favoured the establishment of a Jewish state even though some
Britons worked against it. For the sake of perspective it should
be recalled that the British feared Communist expansion and that
the Jewish international consensus regarding Communism was at
first unclear. Some Jews were initially communist sympathisers
and Communism was then a serious threat. Also the British had
oil interests and other considerations.  A parallel case in some
respects is that of South Africa, and how many liberal
Anglo-Saxon Gentiles and Jewish intellectuals supported the
South African whites in the past even though the whites may have
been objectively more justified than any other group in
prevailing circumstances?
	At all events, despite the attacks of hostile Arab states, the
Jews won their War of Independence and the State of Israel came
into existence in 1948.
	For a limited time after its inception the State of Israel
enjoyed the aid of individual Frenchmen and the general support
of France. Britain remained ambivalent, though in 1956 Britain,
France, and Israel were allied in military action against Egypt.
At that stage the U.S.A. was antagonistic. In 1967 Israel fought
a war against the Arab States surrounding her and was
victorious. After 1967 the U.S.A. became Israel's main (and
almost only) backer and also materially supported her. Millions
of Jews had been imprisoned in eastern Europe, Ethiopia, and the
U.S.S.R. and it was largely due to U.S. influence that many of
these were enabled to emigrate to Israel and elsewhere. The
U.S.A. did, however, have its own anti-Jewish and anti-Zionist
elements and these, on occasion, did damage to the Israeli
cause, or at least tried to. 
	On the whole it may be said that since the eighteenth century
(and  to an extent well before) most countries of the world were
anti-Jewish while the U.S.A., Britain, and France, and related
nations in western Europe and overseas were ambivalent with a
favourable attitude prevailing more often than not. This book 
brings proof that part of the reason for this "Ambivalence"  was
 HEREDITY.

Inheritance

	By the influence of "Heredity", it is intended to say that a
significant and influential portion of the peoples in northwest
Europe, Britain, and North America have the same ancestry as the
Jews and that this fact has influenced the historical behaviour
of the said peoples.
	It is generally accepted that these peoples have always been
attached to the Bible, especially to the "Old"(Hebrew)
Testament, and that on the whole their overall national tendency
has been a striving for the general good and justice for all. It
is obvious that these goals have not been achieved but attempts
have been made and for that matter no claim is being made that
all of these  peoples are Hebrew or that Hebrew ancestry is
always good. A specific influence is being considered as
attributable mainly to the contribution of definite groups who,
to some degree, probably merged with others of possibly opposing
inclinations. 
	Abraham was the first ancestor of the Hebrew nation and of him
it was stated:

	"Abraham shall become a great and mighty nation, and all the
nations of the earth shall be blessed in him... he will  command
his children and his household after him, and they shall  keep
the way of the LORD, to do justice and judgement;  that the 
LORD may bring upon Abraham that which He hath spoken of him" 
(Genesis 18;17-19). 

This blessing infers that becoming "a great and mighty nation"
was not only an effect but also a PREREQUISITE of having all the
nations of the earth being blessed in him and of doing justice
and judgement. Similar verses in the Bible expound on this theme
and add detail to it.  
	The nations identified in this book as being of the
Israelite-seed of Abraham were those who mainly conducted
European colonialist policies from the eighteenth to twentieth
centuries. The overall effects of colonialism, in most cases,
were very beneficial - despite claims to the contrary. French,
British, and Dutch colonialism put a stop to internecine
warfare, ended human sacrifice and slavery, founded and/or
improved irrigation systems, reformed agricultural practices and
public hygiene, built bridges,roads, public works, and so on.
Wherever they ruled the local population greatly increased in
numbers, in health, and in respect for basic human dignity. The
colonial powers also often (but not always) made large profits
for their own citizens and helped themselves by exploiting
opportunities for investment which the subject countries
offered. This investment usually benefited all parties. This was
part of the blessing of Abraham, the power was given and it was
used for good, even though, more often than not, the initial
conscious motivation in colonisation was a lust for power and
material gain. The overall effect was beneficial, and altruistic
motives were also present and implemented. Even today these
peoples remain the only real morally motivated advancers of
international justice in this world.
	Another point is that the above statements and the historical
material revealed in this book are not coming to support any
racialist or other theories. All of mankind are descended from
one  ancestor. The peculiar behavior of any group may, in part,
be attributed to the effects of climate, environment,
geographical location, historical factors, and cultural
influences, all of  which, are largely beyond the control of
whoever is  affected by them. NEVERTHELESS, for whatever reason,
a promise was made to Abraham which was unconditional and which
had therefore, at some time, to occur; and to some extent so it
has - in the above mentioned nations. Whatever caused this
occurrence in the immediate sense is relatively inconsequential.
	The historical proofs in this book, thus, have potential
significance beyond that of academic study. The said evidence
may be of importance in helping many peoples understand both
their own past and their present obligation and potential. An
important message of this book involves the ancestry of many 
people in the western world today for whom the Historical study
indicates Israelite ancestral identites and these entail  both
hereditary characteristics and obligations.


The Historical Background 

	According to conventional history, the British Isles, Gaul
(France and Belgium), and the northwest European coastline, in
ancient  times, were settled by peoples of Celtic culture. A
predominant element amongst the Celts were the Galatians to whom
belonged the Cymbri in Denmark, the Cimry and Caledonians in
Britain, and the Galli in Gaul. The Galatians were ascribed
Cimmerian origin by Classical writers6a which is substantiated
by archaeological evidence and other sources. The Cimmerians had
first appeared on the fringes of the Assyrian Empire shortly
after the majority of northern Israelites had been exiled, and
all areas of their early appearance were those to which
Israelites had been transported. The Cimmerians from the Middle
East area moved to the west where they  merged with and
transformed the Celtic civilisation which they came to dominate. 
	In the period 50 b.c.e. to 450 c.e. the Cimmerian-Galatian
sphere in the west was overrun by a host of newcomers, such as,
the Danes,  Vandals, Goths, Suebians, Angles, Jutes, and Franks.
All of these peoples were akin to each other and  also had
ancestral links with  the Galatian peoples they were conquering. 
	These nations had advanced via Germany and Scandinavia from
further east, from the area of  "Scythia" which encompassed
Russia, Siberia, and even what is now northern China.  Prior to
their being in "Scythia" the same peoples had been found on the
fringes of the Assyrian Empire, in northern Mesopotamia, the
Caucasus and Zagros mountain areas and in eastern Iran.  They
had previously  been transferred en-masse from the LAND OF
ISRAEL.  In Israel they had  been part of a Twelve Tribed
Nation,each tribe being divided into smaller familial groupings
and sub-clans.  The Assyrian directed relocation of these 
"Israelites" was accompanied by the partial breaking-up and
scattering of the Tribal units. Nevertheless, enough of the
original organisational patterns were to be  maintained to
enable today the identification of historical groups within the
places of exile with Israelite entities and to trace their
subsequent movements. 
	The identifiable Israelite descended peoples were destined to
reach and settle in northwest Europe, where too, the same Tribal
and Tribal-clan equations are possible. What exact percentage 
of  Israelite parentage exists in the relevant nations wherein
these groups settled is uncertain but it appears to be
substantial. At  all events, wherever else parts of the Lost Ten
Tribes of Israel may or may not be their overwhelming majority
migrated to the above  mentioned areas, as the following facts
show.   

Places Of Early Israelite  Re-settlement  After The Exile
__________________________ 


The Exiles' Location    

	The exiled Israelite had been taken, at first, by the Assyrians
to several areas, which are designated, by Biblical and
Talmudical sources, as Halah, Habor, the River Gozan, Cities of
the Medes6, Hara7, the  Snowy Mountains8, Caspii9, Mountains of
Darkness10,  Har- Mannae11, Sambation12, Afrikey13, and so on.
The said names often prove to be alternative apellations for the
same or adjacent locations. 
	The exile of the northern Israelites by the Assyrians is
described  in the Book of Kings which speaks of the capture of
Samaria and exile of Israel. "Samaria" was the name of the
northern Israelite  capital and is sometimes used as an eponym
for the Northern  Kingdom. 

	"....The King of Assyria took Samaria, and carried Israel away
into Assyria, and placed them in Hala, and in Habor, by the
river of Gozan,and in the cities of the Medes" (2 Kings 17;6). 

The exile took place in several stages and before the exile of
"Samaria" (Menasseh, Ephraim, and Zebulon), the Tribes to the
north (Dan, Asher, Issachar, and Naphtali)
had been taken away by the Assyrian monarch who "carried them
captive to Assyria" (2 Kings 15;29). Likewise, the tribes east
of the Jordan (Reuben, Gad, and half-Menasseh) had been carried
"unto Halah ,and Habor, and Hara,  and to the river Gozan" (1
Chronicles 5;26).
	The place of exile nominated as "Assyria" refers to the
province  by that name which encompassed most of Mesopotamia14
and extended into the Zagros Mountains in the east, while in the
west it reached unto the shores of the Black Sea. Halah, Habor,
the River Gozan,  and many of the cities of Medes were within
the confines of "Assyria" or close to its fringes, whereas
"Hara"  was much further to the east in the region straddling
the borders of present day  Iran and Afghanistan. "Hara" was
named Aria, Ariana, and Arachosia, by the Greeks15, "Haraiva"
and "Hare" by the Persians16, and "Hara" by the Medes17, just as
it is still called "Hara" by the locals  today18. It is crossed
by the Hari Rud or "River of Hara" and contains the city of
Harat. 
	The Assyrians ruled the Hara area and all of the surrounding
region and settled a portion of the Israelite tribes  there in,
specifically part of those tribes from east of the Jordan:
Reuben, Gad, and half- Menasseh, since only concerning their
exile is the name "Hara" mentioned.

	"The God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of
Assyria, and the spirit of Tiglath-pilneser of Assyria, and he
carried them away, even the Reubeni, and the Gadi, and the half
tribe of Menasseh, and brought them unto Hala, and Habor, and
HARA, and to the river of Gozan unto this day" (1 Chronicles
5;26). 

	Assyrian control of this area is proven by inscribed claims of 
Assyrian monarchs to have received tribute from Magan and
Meluhha which nations (in neo-Assyrian  nomenclature) were
either by the Indus delta or to the east of it19. Hara adjoined
Bactria and Roman and  other accounts related that the Assyrian
Semiramis (wife or widow of "Pul") had conquered Bactria to the
north  of Hara as well as parts of India to its east20. The
Assyrians sent frequent expeditions to Mount "Bikni" meaning the
"Mount of Lapis-Lazuli" and most (if not  all)  the lapis lazuli
of Assyria came from  Badakhshan to  the northeast of "Hara"21.
Ac- cording to Greek and Iranian sources the Assyrians planted
colonies in  the region of  Kabul and Gandhara to the east of
Hara22. Indian scripts also recall the "Asurya" with their god
"Asura" (meaning the Assyrians with their deity "Ashur") who had
colonies in Hara and Sakastan23. Assyrian cultural influences in
this area and cultural influences from this area on Assyria
confirm the Assyrian presence in this region24.  
	According to local tradition the eastern part of Hara ("Ghor"),
 where the Hari River rises, was once settled by a people
referred  to as "Assakan" and "Bnei Yisral" or Children of
Israel25. "Assakan" was shortened to "Sak" or "Sok" and local
muslim lore equated the term with the name "Isaac", father of
Israel26. A dialectical variation of "Assakan" is Afghan27 and
the names "Bnei Yisral" and "Afghan" were applied later to a
group from Armenia who  settled in the area after the original
"Bnei Yisral" and "Assakan"  had moved out28. The newcomers
eventually moved further east into modern Afghanistan. They did
not apply the names "Afghan" and "Bnei Yisral" unto themselves
until fairly recently and then only within a few literary
circles29. Some Israelite and/or Jewish elements may have been
absorbed amongst one or two of the various "Afghan" groups and
these in turn influenced the whole. The  Royal family, for
instance, had a tradition that they descended from the Tribe of
Benjamin30. Even so, most Afghans never seem to have identified
themselves as Israelites and are antipathetic to the very idea.
They are the first to admit that the names "Afghan" and "Bnei
Yisral" were first applied to them by foreigners31. The
existence of these names are evidence that a section of the
Israelite nation had once been in that area, and these are
apparently to be identified with the historical "Sok" or "Sakae"
(meaning Scythians) who were in the Hara region at least from
around 600 b.c.e.32 (if  not earlier), had been settled there by
the Assyrians, and had a tradition that King Solomon of Israel
had once ruled over them33. From the Saka were to emerge the
Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain. 
	According to Indian records the area of Hara had been occupied
by a people known as "Yavanas"34. The "Yavanas"  were not a
Greek people, even  though "Yavan" means Greece. Alexander the
Great of Macedon (after 330 b..e.) had established Greek-ruled
kingdoms east   of the Caspian Sea, in Bactria and Sogdiana, and
thus the term  "Yavana" became applied, in Indian Literature, to
the residents of these areas, including the neighboring province
of "Hara".  The  "Yavanas", in the original Indian sense of the
term, were a people associated with (or sometimes identified as)
the Sakae, Goths, and Parthians who all dwelt in the Hara
region35, and who were all of Hebrew descent. The Yavanas were a
monotheistic people centred on "Hara" and considered to be
connected with the Assyrians36 which is  consistent with them
having been exiled to Hara by the Assyrian establishment. As
noted above, the Israelite Tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half-
Menasseh, which had previously dwelt in that part of the Land of
Israel to the east of the Jordan River, were the tribes who 
according to the Bible had been resettled in HARA. The names of
peoples in the neighbourhood of Hara correspond to those of the 
Tribes who had been sent there and to those of clan names within
those tribes. Reuben, for instance, was represented by the
Reubenite clan of CARMI (Numbers 26) in the region of CARMANIA
which adjoined Gadrosia (of Gad) south of Hara and encompassed
Makran, named after Machir, who had dominated the half- tribe of
Menasseh, east of the Jordan (Joshua 17;1). 
	Apart from Hara, which largely received only part of three of
the exiled tribes (even though other tribes were later to be
found close by) most of the exiles were resettled in northern
Mesopotamia and its neighborhood, in Hala, Habor, the River
Gozan, and in cities of the Medes (2  Kings 17;6). 
	"Halah" is identified in the Talmud as Holwan37 (also referred
to as "Holman"38) which was in the Zagros Mountains east of the
Tigris River. This was the area ascribed in later Assyrian
writings to the "Yasubi"39 and "Yasubgalli"40 which names, in
Semitic dialect, mean "Joseph" and "Joseph-of-the-Galilee". 
Here too, were the SAMBATAE and the city of "Gomara"41 and the
adjoining  "Sabatus"42a River. The name "Sambat" (in Hebraic
Greek) implies Sabbath so the  appellations "Sambatae" and 
"Sabbatus" (referring to the Lower Zab River) gave rise to the
legend of the River Sambation which stopped flowing every
Shabbat  and besides which the Lost Ten Tribes were said to be
located, in part42b.  Historically, this region was one of the
Scythian centres, and the city  "Gomara"  stood on the site of
Sakkiz, the Scythian capital.  Later the Scythians were to move
northwards and re-locate  themselves in southern Russia and the
names "Sambation" and "River Sabbath" appear to have moved with
them to the Don and Danaper Rivers43, and were given to those
rivers.  
	To the east of Holman and the Sambatae were the Sagartii, 
Syromedia, and the city of Ecbatana. The Sagartii were called 
"Asakarti" by the Medes and Persians and were in the area to
which part of the Tribe of Issachar had been taken, according to
Jewish  tradition.  "Syromedia", reported Ptolemy, was that part
of Media to which "Syrians"  had been removed and, in Classical
terminology, "Syria" encompassed the former Land of Israel. 
"Ecbatana", in the Talmud, is referred to as "Hamadan" (its more
popular name) and is considered one of the "Cities of the Medes"
to which Israelites  were exiled44. Historically, Hamadan,
though at first a Median city, later served as a Scythian
centre45, and then after the Scythians had been expelled from
the Middle East it reverted to the  Medes. Other  identified 
"Cities of the Medes" were Characene (Charach) in Elam,
Saki(Hiski) in Sacasene46 (north Armenia) and  Hassaka (north of
Nisibis) and the region of Moschi47 which included Iberia48
(Georgia) in the Caucasus. All of these areas became Scythian
centres. The Scythians had first appeared in the area of Mannae
which in Assyrian terms meant the region of  SAMBATAE,
Holman,and Gomora-city mentioned above.  
	The prophet Amos had foreseen the northern Israelites being
cast out to "Harmonah" (Amos 4;3) which the King James
Translation understands as meaning "into the palace" though the
Aramaic Translation of this passage has a different
interpretation. The Aramaic version ("Targum Yehonatan")
received Talmudic approbation and frequently paraphrases the
text, becoming more like a  commentary. This version understood
the verse in Amos as saying that the northern Israelites were
destined to be cast out unto  "Har-Mannae" or the Mountain of
Mannae which shortly after the exile became a Cimmerian and
Scythian centre, the Cimmerians and  Scythians being in effect
one people.
	The important point in the identifications of places-of-exile
given above and continued below is to notice the constant 
association of the given areas with Cimmerians, Scyths, and
Goths. The Cimmerians had first appeared in Iberia (whose very
name means "Land of the Hebrews") and in Mannae and the
Scythians emerged from the Cimmerian ranks49. The Goths, known
also as Guti, were recalled  as being together with the Sakae
(Scyths), and Cimmerians50 and had two major centres, one was in
the region of Sambatae-Sagartii recalled above, and the other
was in the east, to the north of Hara, though at an earlier
stage they seem to have also been to Hara's south.
	The place-of-exile called "The River Gozan" appears to be the
region by the Ouzan River, which in local dialects was
pronounced something like "Gouzan"51. Ptolemy calls this river
the "Cyrus" and places the city of "Gauzania" on its banks which
is called "Ginzak" by the Talmud and identified with Gozan52. In
this region  were the Cadussi, who were a Scythian people
related to the Sakae, and, according to Pliny (N.H. 6;18), they
called themselves "Gaeli". The Celts in Britain also called
themselves "GAELI" and perhaps the name is derived from the
Galilee in Israel. Later in Scythia (east of the Ural Mountains)
were to appear a nation named "Naphtali" and descended from the
Israelite Tribe of that name. In Persian records the Naphtali
were referred to as "Kadassaye"53 (i.e. Cadussi) and Naphtali
had been one of the tribes of the Israelite Galilee. It follows
that the Tribe of Naphtali, which later appeared in Scythia east
of the Ural Mountains, was thus identical with the Gaeli-Cadussi
who previously had been in the "Gouzan"area south-west of the
Caspian Sea which area was one to which the Assyrians had
transported Israelite-exiles.  
	The Ouzan ( or "Gouzan") River was one of two rivers named
"Gozan" reported by Eberhard Schrader in his "The Cuneiform
Inscriptions  and the Old Testament", (London 1888, p.267).
Schrader reported further that there was a place named "Halahhu"
in the area of  Holman (near "Gouzan") which confirms the
Talmudic equation (Kiddushin 72a, Yebamot 17) of Holman with
Halah, one of the places-of-exile. 
	Apart from the "Gouzan" river (in Adherbaijan), another
identification of the "River Gozan" is the area Gozan (called 
"Gauzanitus" by Ptolemy) - at the head reaches of the Khabur
River from which area Assyrian inscriptions have testified to
the  presence of Israelite exiles54. In this region was the city
of Nisibis55, considered one entity with Adiabene (Hadayb),
which Talmudic sources identified as the place-of-exile named
"Habor" (pronounceable as "Khabor") which is consistent with the
Khabur River receiving its name from a cognate source. In other
words,both in the "Gozan-Gauzanitis" area at the head reaches of
the Khabur River as well as in the Ginzak-Gouzan region, further
to the  east by the banks of the Ouzan River, were to be found
Israelite exiles. Both areas, according to the Talmud, may be
considered to equate the Biblically named places-of-exile, even
though the authorities disagree on which place is which. For the
present account it is sufficient to know that Israelites were in
both areas and also that both regions became centres of
Cimmerian, Scythian, and Gothic activity. The Cimmerians
together with the "Subartu" (after rebelling) launched attacks
upon Assyria56 from the Gauzanitis region57. "Subartu" was an
Assyrian term for "Syrian"58. The word for "Syrian" in Hebrew
and Semitic languages,  however, was usually "Arami" and this
nomination was applied to Israelites59 and to the people of
Judah60 as well as to others from the "Syrian" area. Pliny (N.H.
6;19) said that the Persians had called the Scythians "Sakae"
after the nearest tribe to them but their original name, he
said, had been "ARAMI" - and this would  seem to confirm their
Israelite origins. 
	The bulk of the Israelites had been exiled in the period
730-710, or earlier. In about 707 b.c.e., a people named
"Gimirae" were  reported from the region of Mannae61. These are
the Cimmerians. They were referred to as "Outcasts" by the
Assyrians62. Apart from their being in Mannae, they were also
reported as at first centred in the region of Iberia63. The
Cimmerians killed the king of  neighbouring Urartu (Ararat) and
overran his land. They also defeated and killed Sargon, king of
Assyria, in 705. Sargon was  replaced by Sennacherib (705-681)
who beat off the Cimmerians after which a portion of them
invaded the Land of Phyrgia in Anatolia.     
	Their king was referred to by the Assyrians as "King of the
Umman-Manda ((i.e. Cimmerians)), king of the Sakae (Scyths) and
Guti (Goths)"64. Those Cimmerians who invaded Phyrgia were soon
driven out of Anatolia and crossed the Bosporus into Europe.
Jerome (on Zecharia 10;11),  the translator of the Bible into
Latin, had heard from Jewish sages the tradition that
Israelites, exiled by the Assyrians, had reached the Bosporus
and from there headed north, i.e. into Europe. These Cimmerians,
via the Balkans and Danube valley, eventually reached Gaul, the
British Isles, and Scandinavia, and became the major factor in
"Celtic" civilisation. 
	Those other of the Cimmerians who had not been driven into
Phyrgia but had remained on the fringes of the Assyrian Empire
managed to recuperate and by the end of Sennacherib's reign had
gained control of Mannae and posed a serious challenge to
Sennacherib's succesor, Essarhaddon (681-669).  
	Essarhaddon at first beat the Cimmerians, some of whom joined
his forces65. In about 676 a new element, known as " Ishkuza"66
emerged from the Cimmerian ranks, these are identified with the
Scythians whom the Persians and Babylonians referred to as the
"Saka": Both the names "Ishkuza" and "Saka" may be understood as
forms for the name "Isaac". Abraham the patriarch had been
promised: "In Isaac  will your seed be called" ( Genisis 21;12).
After their first  appearance, the Scythians and Cimmerians are
recognisable as distinct entities though, in effect, both bodies
were combinations of Scythians proper, of Goths, and of
Cimmerians in varying  proportions. 
	In 673 Esarhaddon slew the Scythian king who was replaced by
Bartatua the Scythian ruler who married Esarhaddon's daughter
and entered into alliance with the Assyrians. The Assyrian
Empire at that stage was troubled by rebellious Medes, Mannaens,
Cimmerians, and others. The Scythians from allies of the
Assyrians progressed to hold the Assyrians in some type of
subservience for 28 years67. They established a centre at
Beth-Shean68 in the former land of northern "Israel" and
archaeological finds testify to their presence throughout the
Israelite region69.  At the same time king Josiah ben Amon
(628-609) in the south, in Judah, was extending his influence
into the former land of "Israel" as well. He had made himself
independent of Assyria, smashed idols which represented
Assyria's authority70, and established colonies in northern
Israel, at Megiddo, in the north near Beth Shean, and in
Phillistia on the coast71.  
	The Scythians, as well as king Josiah, attacked Phillistia and
later also maintained a presence there72 in addition to the
Judaean colonies in that place. In other words, the Scythians
and Judeans of King Josiah were in the same areas, undertaking
the same activities, and must have been working hand in hand73. 
Also at this time, in the region of Hara and Bactria, there
arose a religious reformer named Zarathustra (ZOROASTER) whose
original doctrine was monotheistic and even Biblical in
character74. After Zoroaster's death, his religion was paganised
by the Median tribe of Magi, even  though the original message
had been Hebraic. Zoroaster, according to Iranian tradition had
been taught by the prophet Jeremiah or by one of Jeremiah's
pupils75. Zoroaster himself had Scythian familial connections76
yet some reports identify him as an Israelite77. Zoroaster is an
additional indication that the historical Scythians were to a
significant degree of Israelite origin. 
	Eventually, after enduring Scythian subjection and witnessing
the partial disintegration of their Empire, the Assyrians
attempted to re-assert themselves. At this stage, ca. 616
b.c.e., the Medes and Babylonians were in open revolt and in 614
the Medes began to besiege Nineveh, the Assyrian capital. The
Assyrians were supported by part of the Mannaeans and by Egypt.
At first, the Scythians seemed more inclined to support Assyria
versus her besiegers than to be against her. The Medes,
Babylonians, Guti, Gimiri (Cimmerians), and others were combined
against Assyria. Scythians from Bactria-Hara and from Ecbatana
(which was then a Scyth centre)  were called to Assyria's help,
but upon arriving at NINEVEH were  persuaded somehow to change
sides and to join the besiegers78. According to a Babylonian
inscription, Nineveh was taken and sacked by the allies with the
Umman-Manda (meaning in this case, Scythians) taking the leading
role. Shortly afterwards all of the other Assyrian cities
received similar treatment and the Assyrian Empire was destroyed.
	Meanwhile, an Egyptian army under Pharoah Neco had been
marching to the aid of Assyria. King Josiah of Judah attempted
to stop the Egyptian progress but was killed fighting at Megiddo
and the Egyptians continued northward, only to be defeated at
Carcamish79. King Josiah of Judah had died fighting on the
Scythian behalf. After having defeated the Assyrians and the
Egyptians, the Scythian leaders were invited by the Medes to a
feast. The Medes got the Scythians drunk and then massacred
them80 after which Medes and  Babylonians divided the former
Assyrian Empire between each other. The Babylonians conquered
Judah and exiled its inhabitants to Babylon. Later, the Medes
lost paramountcy to their allies, the Persians, and Cyrus the
Persian king conquered Babylon and allowed  the Judeans to
return to their land. Medes, Persians and Babylonians
progressively drove the Scythians out of the Middle East  area
to the north. From the north the Scythians were eventually to
continue westward into Europe.   

Hara And Its Surroundings ______________________________ 


Parallels Between Scythians
and Israelites

	Talmudic sources state that King Josiah ben Amon of Judah sent
Jeremiah the prophet to bring back the Lost Ten Tribes and that 
some few of them did in fact return temporarily81. This is
consistent with the original Hebraic message of Zoroaster and he
 having been taught by Jeremiah and with the Scythians who
settled for a time in the Land of Israel in the reign of King
Josiah having  been Israelites. 
	The events of the Scythian-Assyrian epoch were also echoed in 
Biblical Prophecy. The prophets largely predicted events which
in their fullness will occur in the Messianic era. Nevertheless,
they often presented their account of the future in the
description of events happening in their own time or not so long
afterwards and thus history may be considered to repeat
itself82. There are a few Biblical passages concerning the fall
of Nineveh, the Assyrian  capital, which are also apposite to
the Scythian-Judean symbiosis in the reign of King Josiah. The
fifth chapter of Micah, for instance, speaks of
a ruler coming out of Beth-Lehem and King Josiah was a
descendant of David, who came from Beth-Lehem. "The remnant of
his brethren" returning unto the Children of Israelis spoken of
(v 5;3) and refers to the partial (and temporary - then) 
re-settlement of Israelite-Scythians in the former Land of
northern Israel. The important verses, for our consideration,
are verses  5; 5-8:

	"And this man shall be the peace, when the Assyrian shall come
into our land: and he ((i.e. Assyria)) shall tread in our
palaces, then shall we raise against him ((against Assyria))
seven shepherds, and eight principal men."  
	"And they shall waste the land of Assyria with the sword, and
the land of Nimrud in the entrances thereof ".... And the
remnant of Jacob shall be in the midst of many people as a dew
from the LORD..."  "And the remnant of Jacob shall be among the
GENTILES in the midst of many people as a lion among the flocks
of sheep..." 

Again, the main point of these passages maybe applicable only to
 the Messianic era yet it is also descriptive of our explanation
of the Israelite-Scythian equation. The Assyrians, at first,
came into  the land of Israel and trode it down, including the
Royal palaces, as archaeological excavations of Samaria have
proven. They then  exiled all of the surviving inhabitants. From
their places of exile, the Israelites (Scythians) made peace
with Assyria, then became "Shepherds" i.e. allies and protectors
of Assyria, and after that graduated to be the effective rulers
of the Assyrian Empire, i.e. "eight principal men". Finally the
Israelite -Scythians destroyed the Assyrian cities and wasted
"the land of Assyria with  the sword", just as Micah describes. 
	Similarly, the Talmud says (Shabbat 147) that the Lost Ten
Tribes came to a calamity because of the "Wine of Phyrgia" and
perhaps the reference is to that same drunken feast which cost
the Scythian  leaders their lives and their followers the
control of an empire?  Other parallels can be drawn between
descriptions of the exiled  Israelites and the Scythians but for
the moment the point has been made. 
	The account of Scythian history given so far has been only a
general one, giving some important facts and the references
confirming them. A more detailed explanation is to be found in
another work prepared parallel to this one by the present
author.  The object, at this stage, is to impress the reader
with the possibility that the Scythians contained important
components from the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel after which
specific Scythian groups will be identified with Israelite clans
and these will be shown to have settled in northwest Europe
where many of their descendants are still to be found today.    

	
        Chapter One: References    1.Concerning the completeness
of the exile of the Northern Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
see:Kenyon, Kathleen "Royal Cities of the Old Testament",
London,1971. Na'aman, Nadav. "Population Changes in Palestine
Following Assyrian  Deportation" (Hebrew) in Cathedra,
Jerusalem, no.54, December 1989. Sources quoted by Na'aman
include: V. Fritz, Kinnerat, Vorbericht uber die Auegraben auf
dem Tell el-Oreme em, see Genesaret in den Jahren 1982-1985
ZDPV, 102. W.G. Dever "Abel